One of my all-time favorite cars has to be that masterpiece of minimalism, that acme of asceticism, that paragon of parsimony, the Citroën 2CV. The 2CV was such a product of its era and of a very specific mindset – a brilliant experiment in doing the most with the least. The 2CV is a unique-looking machine, a strange corrugated tin snail, but it’s also mechanically novel, and all of this contributes to its identity. As a result, reviving the 2CV as a more modern car requires a hard choice: do you just make something with a retro-inspired design that suggests the original, or do you try to, somehow, stick to its original concept? Incredibly, in the 1990s, both of these approaches were attempted, to varying degrees, one coming from a very unexpected source. Let’s take a look at them!
First, it’s worth remembering what the original 2CV was like; designed for postwar French farmers to replace donkeys, the 2CV was, as its designer, Pierre-Jules Boulanger famously said, “four wheels under an umbrella.” It was just that simple: an air-cooled flat-twin up front (that made as little as 9hp in its earliest forms), driving the front wheels, a body made of corrugated metal and canvas around it, and some removable seats inside that resembled beach chairs.
Combine that with a clever interconnected front-to-rear suspension setup that lets you, famously yet again, drive over a plowed field without breaking any eggs, and you get the idea. A simple, rugged, and somehow deeply and powerfully charming little car.
So, how would you translate a car like this into a more modern form – or, at least as modern as the 1990s? Well, it seems that attempts did happen, once from Citroën themselves in what appears to be at least a full-scale design study, and once, incredibly, from Chrysler, a company that had precisely Jacques merde to do with the early 2CV.
Let’s look at Citroën’s own revived 2CV first, which I learned about thanks to the excellent Car Design Archives Instagram account:
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This study is especially interesting because there is really very little known about it; it seems to be called the 2CV 2000, and was made in the 1990s. This full-sized and very finished model is all that remains of the project and was found in the 2010s.
The approach to the revived 2CV here seems to be essentially the same one taken by other carmakers with iconic people’s cars in their pasts: think how Volkswagen turned the old air-cooled, rear-engined Beetle into the FWD, Golf-based New Beetle, or how Fiat modernized their rear engine/RWD 500 into the new front engine/FWD Fiat 500, or how when BMW bought Mini they introduced a new version of that iconic car.
All of these attempts incorporate elements of the original’s design and attempt to capture some of the charm and appeal, but are fundamentally just exercises in putting retro costumes on modern car platforms. They all have their appeal, sure, but none really manage to capture the spirit of those original cars.
This take on a modernized 2CV captures a lot of the look of the original 2CV but updates it nicely with a 1990s design vocabulary. The gray rubber bumpers I think actually work well here, and the designers even replicated the corrugations in the hood and trunk (maybe hatch) lid.
I think this is a fine design study, but I suspect underneath the skin, this would have been a very conventional little car of the era, with a transverse inline-four engine driving the front wheels, and a platform likely shared with other small Citroën cars of the time. If this made it to market, it would have been just like the New Beetle or the new Fiat 500; a nice tribute to an old idea, but that’s all. A tribute.
Now, much more interesting is the 2CV-like car that Chrysler showed in 1997, called the CCV. Two C’s and a V. I think they knew what they were inspired by. Those letters actually originally stood for China Concept Vehicle since the emerging Chinese market at the time was the target, but then later they decided those same letters meant Composite Concept Vehicle, which alluded to the unique materials used to build the car.
The intent was to create a cheap, rugged car for developing environments, and this design brief was really essentially the same as what was asked of Citroën in the 1940s to get earthy, onion-loving French peasants to give up their mules. As a result, the CCV really did feel like a spiritual successor to the original Deux Cheveaux.
Like the OG 2CV, the CCV had a small air-cooled engine up front, in this case an 800cc V-twin sourced from lawnmower-motivators Briggs and Stratton, making a healthy 25 hp. The car only weighed about 1,200 pounds, so 25 horses really aren’t as meager as they may sound.
To keep the weight low and to keep the costs down, the body of the CCV was made of a material that I just now wanted to call novel, but it really isn’t, because it’s absolutely ubiquitous. It was made from polyethylene terephthalate (PET), which you probably have put your lips on recently, as that’s soda bottle plastic.
The only 210-pound body was four big plastic cast parts, made by a company that’s used to making big plastic trash bins. The color is an integral part of the plastic, so there’s no painting required, and everything just kind of snaps together.
The windows went up and down via these really clever vertical sliders that you can see above. You can also see that the CCV retained the 2CV’s canvas roof, but improved on the 2CV by making the trunk lid hinge down like a tailgate, which would let you use the little car like a little truck if you folded down or removed the rear seat.
The CCV really did feel like an authentic and spiritual successor to the 2CV, and with a target price of only $6,000 (that’d be about $11,500 today, still absolutely dirt cheap for a car) I suspect had this actually made it to its intended markets, it could have been a success.
I’m really amazed at just how comprehensively and unashamedly Chrysler took the Citroën idea and fundamental DNA and just ran with it; this feels like if Honda decided to make an all-new entry-level EV that looked just like a Volkswagen Beetle or if Volvo showed a concept car that was a dead ringer for a ’65 Mustang. It’s just the sort of thing that’s almost impossible to conceive of happening today.
Was Chrysler even remotely concerned with Citroën’s response? I haven’t found any media of the era that gives any suggestion of what Citroën thought of this or anything – I’m sure they knew about it, since it was shown at the 1997 Frankfurt Auto Show – but if they had any thoughts on this act of either flattery or theft, depending on how cranky you were when you got up in the morning, they seem to have kept it to themselves.
The Daimler-Chrysler merger effectively killed the CCV project, which I think is a shame, because I think that little minimal car was absolutely brilliant.
Mostly, though, I think it’s fascinating to see how this iconic car got reinterpreted by its own family and a bunch of outsiders from across the ocean, and somehow the group that had no ties to the 2CV’s actual history managed to be the ones that found an authentic way to resurrect not just the look of the 2CV, but the original car’s basic mission, goal, and, yes, soul.
I guess maybe to pull off a really honest and genuine reboot of a car, you need some distance. Maybe we should just take every automaker’s most iconic cars and assign them to random other automakers to re-work? I’d honestly love to see how that turns out. Wouldn’t you like to try out Volvo’s take on a Corvette Sting Ray or a Kia E-Type? Sure you would.
They were French, so you know they were super cranky about it. But also, they were French, so they just surrendered quietly.
That Citroen is giving off PT Cruiser vibes. It’s a CV Cruiser. Kind of ironic that it was Chrysler who did it correctly.
That’s a brilliant article! Chrysler did totally nail the 2CV with that CCV, and the snap body is chef’s kiss.
I didn’t know about that Citroen reboot concept and I wish I still didn’t, because that thing needs to be taken out back and shot in the face. What a disastrous abortion of a car.
The 2CV 2000 was produced as the C3, and is in its 3rd generation with the Pluriel version as an homage to the old plastic/canvas roof.
Keep in mind that the spirit of the 2CV was carried over in two different cars:
As mentioned above, stylisticly as the C3, with room for 4 adults (with top hats) with reliability and old school soft comfort in focus.As Anders wrote seconds ago, with the dirt cheap AX (Peugeot 106) and later with the C1 (Peugoet 106, Toyota Aygo) triplets.
I think the Citroen AX was the real spiritual successor to the 2CV, a lightweight construction using plastic panels, in-colored bumpers and a low drag coefficient. The design was not as iconic as the 2CV, but it had a rational simplicity that has aged well.
I’ve said it before, but please exchange some of your non-runners for a driveable 2CV! I really think you will love it. I know they are a little hyped and hard to come by in the states, but it should be possible.
-And I love the CCV! Thanks for bringing that up again 🙂
Its amazing to think where Chrysler could be if it wasn’t for that black cloud called Daimler-Benz.
There were making SO much money back then, they were just like screw it, let’s make a plastic, air-cooled, 2CV inspired vehicle and try to take over China and India. And then Daimler happened.
“…that masterpiece of minimalism, that acme of asceticism, that paragon of parsimony…”
…that oversized land yacht:
https://live.staticflickr.com/5302/5600648065_1cce953440_c.jpg
You know, $11,500 is dirt cheap for a car, but it also isn’t *that* much less than a Mirage. Which has an actual car engine, and regular windows and stuff. I’m not sure the CCV could have been a success at that price point. For something that relatively janky, it needs to be REALLY cheap to sell well.
Heck the Tata Nano was only $2,000 and even that was at least made out of metal.
Now is the time to bring this back with a 50hp electric motor and a 150-mile battery pack. Sticker price of $22.5k with a $7500 government rebate. Net price of $15k, there would be a waiting list a mile long.
What you’re describing there is a Dacia Spring: https://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/new-cars/dacia-spring-uks-cheapest-electric-car
Think a side effect of this study was the molded bumpers on the 1st gen Neons, could get them on the base models in black/white/red/blue(and I think primer gray) and like the CCV no paint, took scratches like a garbage can, as a bumper should!
I thought they were all dark grey. Were some of the “painted” bumpers not really painted bumpers? They looked too glossy to be molded bumpers. If Chrysler pulled that off, then good job.
The base model 1st gen had them and they weren’t really glossy, had a textured(dotted) surface, but they matched the paints fairly well.
I’d drive all three of these, the 2CV and both design studies.
OK, the design studies would actually have to be functioning vehicles. But still.
I’m curious as to the powertrain under the Citroen concept…what reason could it possibly have for having 6-lug wheels? By the same token (and coming from a position where I know literally nothing about Citroen’s product line in the ‘90s), did that share any commonality with any production model Citroen at the time?
C3 pluriel
I could swear those are Nissan Frontier wheels
I didn’t think so at first, but after closer inspection, those are absolutely the same wheels that are on my Nissan Hardbody pickup.
“Jacques Merde”. *chefs kiss*
Air cooled engines FTW!
The 2CV 2000 reminds me of the C3 Pluriel, wich was produced. Still not the spirit of the original 2CV.
What is going on with the wheels on that Citroën concept? They are not from anything that the brand was producing at the time. If they were using the AX’s platform, which makes the most sense, the wheels would have 3 lug nuts. What is the point of those beefy tires with 6 (!) lug nuts? How heavy was that car??
Something is amiss.
The CCV is one of my all-time favorite concepts, because of everything you’ve listed here. I think DaimlerChrysler should have made these instead of the Smart (sorry, Mercedes).
Also, powered by Briggs & Stratton? Hybrid pioneer Briggs & Stratton? Bring it on!
I would like to see Citroen’s take on Le Cheval de Bataille. Oh, maybe we have.
And now, Citroen owns Chrysler! How they’ve come full circle 😀
‽
Were you thinking of “parsimony” instead?
crap. yes. thank you.
It took you less time to fix the error than it did for me to get the formatting straight when I pointed it out.
This is why (well, among the reasons why; the need for both perseverance and talent was a big minus sign too) I didn’t pursue a writing career.
So that’s how Chrysler got its plastic interior during the Mercedes era!
I gotta admit, I wish we could get the CCV as a kit car. That would be fun to build.
I remember this being such an exciting time at Chrysler. It was also when everything was getting put onto the Internet, so it was easy to follow what they were doing. Really seemed like the company was on the cusp of really, really big things, then the Daimler-Benz acquisition happened and it all started to fall away.
Chrysler was pretty serious about the CCV – as I recall, they started molding plastic hardtops for Jeep Wranglers using the same material and techniques intended for the CCV’s body as a real-world test of the production techniques.
Not sure how it would have worked out though, Chrysler was selling a good amount of Jeep Cherokees in China at the time, and Volkswagen was crushing it there. It was a couple of years before GM started hitting it big there with Buick, but it seems like the early successes by foreign automakers were with somewhat more substantial, higher status cars, the CCV could have turned out to be China’s version of the Tata Nano, a good idea that flopped due to image, had that happened, it might have prevented the Nano from being attempted.
Where do I place my deposit on a Volvette? Imagine C8 performance with luxurious Swedish comfort.
Ask and ye shall receive:
https://www.carscoops.com/2023/06/paul-newmans-corvette-powered-volvo-wagon-is-up-for-sale/
100% that Chrysler take is the spiritual successor. I’ve seen it somewhere before but had totally forgotten about it.
I had a 12 hp ’50s 2CV for several years, and whenever anyone gave me a hard time about how primitive and limited it was (which was often) I’d point out that it’s competition wasn’t other cars, it was horses.